Masom
koja podliježe gravitaciji, volumenom čije površine privlače ili
odbijaju ruku, približavaju ili odguruju promatrača od sebe,
skulptura uvijek podsjeća na tijelo. Čak i kada ne prikazuje
ljudsku ili životinjsku figuru, kada se, dakle, umjesto oponašanja
fizičkog svijeta bavi apstraktnim formama, skulptura je određena
tijelom. Otkada se nakon suradnje s Damirom Žižićem Kožul vratio
samostalnim nastupima, tijelo je opet u centru njegove pažnje.
Evokacija
tog tijela ne odvija se, međutim, posve u skladu s načelima
modernističke skulpture. Tijelo je tu – Kožul od njega ne
odustaje ni u svojim najambicioznijim instalacijama – ali ono više
nije cjelovito, jedva ga prepoznajemo. Primjerice, u svjetlu naslova
izložbe (Forensic
Perpetuity),
pet biomorfnih oblika izloženih u Galeriji Galženica
2017. moguće je interpretirati kao ostatke nekog tijela. Na tu
mogućnost ne upućuje samo naslov izložbe, nego i određeni
senzibilitet za modernističku skulpturu. Umjetnicima modernizma
ljudsko tijelo nije bilo samo koristan reper u svijetu predmeta, nego
i idealan oblik. U odnosu na njega svi drugi oblici stjecali su svoj
smisao. Uspostavivši novu vezu između unutarnje strukture skulpture
i njezine površine, prve je korake prema drugačijem prikazivanju
tijela napravio Rodin. U njegovim su skulpturama forma i materijal
bili toliko međuovisni da se niz strukturnih elemenata, kao što su
silueta, površina ili masa, pojavljivao kao nešto nedovršeno,
nešto što se neprestano mijenja i ovisi o osvjetljenju, okolišu,
promatraču itd. Stereotipni opis skulptorskog umijeća, onaj koji
kaže da umjetnik u materijalu treba otkriti unaprijed postojeću
formu, samo je popularni izraz za zadatak koji si je Rodin bio
postavio. U svakoj skulpturi postoji nešto što joj iznutra daje
život, čak i kada se volumen rastvara, a masa komàda – tako bi
se, između ostalog, mogao sažeti Rodinov pogled na modernu
skulpturu.
Nakon
izložbe u Galeriji Galženica,
biomorfni oblici što se opiru u potpunosti poistovjetiti s
ljudskom ili životinjskom anatomijom – kao da pripadaju nekoj
drugoj vrsti tijela, nekom drugoj vrsti života! – ostali su u
središtu Kožulove pažnje na izložbama u HDLU-u (2018.), MSU-u
(2019.) i sada u Galeriji Josip
Račić
(2021.). Njihov je organski karakter Kožul dodatno istaknuo uporabom
industrijski proizvedenih predmeta i materijala kao što su metalne
šipke, samostojeći metalni stalci, kugle različitih veličina,
podne gumene prostirke, utezi, gumena crijeva, izolacijska spužva i
slično. Primarna funkcija ovih predmeta leži u povezivanju
biomorfnih oblika. Bez njih, oblici bi bez vidljivog reda bili
razbacani po prostoru galerije. Time Kožul otvara mogućnost da sve
što vidimo u galerijskom prostoru doživimo kao objekte koji
pripadaju nekom višem formalnom redu. Ono što je modernistička
skulptura činila na planu svakog pojedinog skulpturalnog objekta –
uspostavljala odnos između skeleta skulpture i njegove površine ili
između volumena i siluete – to je Kožul izveo u okviru
ambijentalne instalacije. Stoga, na tri izložbene instalacije – u
HDLU-u, MSU-u i u Galeriji Josip
Račić
– možemo gledati i kao na tri jedinstvene skulpture.
Prikazuje
li autor skulpturalno tijelo u trenutku dezintegracije ili
integracije? To je teško utvrditi, jer Kožul voli ambivalenciju,
ali najprecizniji odgovor bi obuhvatio i jednu i drugu mogućnost.
Ukoliko je riječ o procesu integracije, može se konstatirati da
skelet Kožulove skulpture – šipke, gumena crijeva, gumene
prostirke itd. – ne uspijeva okupiti svoje dijelove, dovesti
biomorfne oblike u međuodnos koji bi formirao kontinuirani volumen
tijela. U odnosu na izložbu u Galeriji Galženica,
na kojoj biomorfne oblike nije povezivalo ništa doli pogled
promatrača, Kožul je napravio korak dalje. Sada to više nije samo
tijelo koje se raspalo – niz međusobno izoliranih oblika, svaki sa
svojim pseudopostamentom – nego i tijelo koje se nekako pokušava
oformiti. Ako je u Galeriji Galženica
Kožul prikazao jednu post
festum
situaciju – mirovanje dijelova tijela nakon dezintegracije i smrti
– moglo bi se reći da je na kasnijim izložbama pokušao prikazati
post
post festum
situaciju, to jest u galerijski ambijent uvesti još jedan događaj –
proces oformljenja (postajanje). Naime, naglašavajući suprotnost
između vertikalne i horizontalne organizacije elemenata, računajući
na učinak koji na promatrača ostavlja jukstapozicija mekih i tvrdih
materijala, na odnos između pravocrtnih i krivocrtnih formi, Kožul
je proizveo efekt gibanja. Ono što izgleda kao dezintegracija
(razlijevanje, rastakanje, topljenje) oblika, može izgledati i kao
proces konsolidacije ili uspravljanja, odnosno može predstavljati i
odumiranje i oživljavanje. Skulpturalno tijelo tako nije ni
(potpuno) mrtvo, ni (potpuno) živo. Mrtvo je, jer je raskomadano;
živo, jer se giba. Kožulova obrada biomorfnih oblika, također, na
neki način ukazuje na tragove života. Naime, njihova površina
sugerira da je u unutrašnjosti nešto od posebne važnosti što
traži posebnu brigu, kao da forma nikada nije dovoljno zaštićena
pa iziskuje neprestano oblaganje novim slojevima.
Što
je preneseno značenje ovih instalacija – skulptura? Na što nam
autor pokušava skrenuti pažnju, birajući naslove s višestrukim
značenjima (Forensic
Perpetuity,
Forensic
Folklore:
Archipelago,
Sisyphus
Exalted:
Excersing
Repetitions
i Intercisus)
i izlažući ove enigmatične forme? Kožul je sklon odgovornost za
značenje prebaciti na promatračeva leđa, ali jasno je da ove
izložbe nisu nastale zbog formalističkih razloga, iako je formalna
inovacija ono što prvo zamjećujemo i ono čemu s razlogom dajemo
prednost u interpretaciji. Značenje Kožulovih instalacija nemoguće
je iscrpiti na području umjetničke referencijalnosti. Ova bizarna
tijela nisu tu samo zbog podsjećanja na, primjerice, raskomadana
ljudska tijela iz Goyina ciklusa Užasi
rata
ili na citat istoga motiva braće Chapman. Neće nam u potrazi za
odnosom ovih radova prema suvremenosti puno pomoći ni reference na
kojima sâm Kožul inzistira, spominjući radove Raula Goldonija i
Louise Bourgeois, kao nadahnuće u najnovijem radu.
U
središtu su Kožulove pažnje, naime, kompleksni i nepovezani
društveni fenomeni. Dovesti u blisku vezu međusobno udaljene i
suprotstavljene pojave metoda je koju Kožul baštini iz tradicije
umjetničke avangarde i koju koristi u svim svojim javnim nastupima.
Rat i masovna ubojstva s jedne i tehnološke utopije s druge strane;
ideologija krvi i tla s jedne i fantazije o umjetnoj inteligenciji s
druge strane; nostalgično prizivanje industrijskog društva s jedne
i ubrzanje društvenih promjena (globalno zatopljenje, rodna teorija
i politika, infotainment
itd.) s druge strane. Iako širina referenci i asocijacija na koje
Kožul računa, promatrača mogu zbuniti, pa i odvesti u krivom
smjeru, izazove koje njegovi radovi postavljaju pred publiku ne treba
odbaciti kao primjer postmodernističke igre. Proturječja
obilježavaju suvremeno doba i upravo ona stoje u korijenu Kožulovog
pokušaja da prikaže svijet oko sebe.
Oduzeti
skulpturi pravo na predstavljanje kompleksnih društvenih pojava ne
čini se odviše dalekovidnim, osobito danas kada monumentalne
spomeničke forme ponovno stječu i umjetničku i društvenu
popularnost. Nije potrebno posezati za slavnim svjetskim primjerima,
kao primjerice za Davidom Smithom, koji je svoje skulpture – toteme
– oblikovao imajući na umu Drugi svjetski rat u kojem je i sâm
sudjelovao (skulpture su nosile naslove Sablast
rata,
Silovanje,
Ratni
pejzaž
i slično). Dovoljno je prizvati u sjećanje apstraktne volumene
Dušana Džamonje, Vojina Bakića, Ksenije Kantoci i drugih koji su,
što kroz galerijsku, što kroz spomeničku plastiku pokušali
izraziti svoje povijesno iskustvo. Na pola puta između figure i
znaka, ti oblici nisu prikazivali nešto arhaično ili fantastično,
nego su izražavali osobna i društvena stajališta u mjeri u kojoj
je, nakon Drugog svjetskog rata, ekspresionistička apstrakcija to
činila i na drugim područjima umjetnosti.
Kožulova
osobita interpretacija modernističke skulpture – transpozicija
skulpturalnog tijela u medij instalacije, te njegova razgradnja
– podrazumijevala je i promjenu svjetonazora. Pišući o Henryju
Mooreu, Herbert Read je primijetio da njegovu umjetnost određuje
integrirajući vitalizam. Moore je, naime, jednaku važnost pridavao
ljudskom tijelu (ležeći akt, motivi obitelji ili majke i djeteta) i
kamenim oblucima s plaže. Organske i anorganske fenomene (kamenje,
kristali itd.) promatrao je s nepodijeljenom pažnjom, jer je u njima
pronalazio iste zakone. Sličnu pažnju prema živom i neživom
primjećujemo i kod Kožula, ali njegov integrirajući princip, za
razliku od Mooreova, u središtu nema čovjeka, barem ne čovjeka
kakvog je zamišljao moderni humanizam. Umjesto obgrljujuće
prisutnosti ljudskog tijela koju prepoznajemo u poetikama Rodina,
Moorea, Brancusija i drugih, kod Kožula prije otkrivamo nešto kao
informaciju o tijelu (kodiranu i sekvencioniranu sad ovako, sad
onako).
Što
znači imati tijelo u modernom dobu, odnosno, kako se život tog
tijela može prikazati u skulpturi, treba zahvaliti modernoj
umjetnosti. Ništa s modernim svijetom više nisu imala tijela
Michelangelovih skulptura ili tijela koja su prikazivali
neoklasicistički umjetnici. To su bila idealizirana tijela i
pripadala su prije bogovima nego ljudima koje su moderni umjetnici
sretali na ulicama i čija su tijela voljeli, ljubili ili gubili u
ratovima. U središtu Kožulovog bizarnog vitalizma, međutim, nije
ljudsko tijelo, nego jedan oblik materije koji je u neprestanom toku,
u stalnoj metamorfozi. Kožulov izokrenuti gestalt
ne počiva samo na integraciji živog i neživog svijeta –
primjerice, ljudskog tijela i kamena u slučaju Moorea, ili ljudskog
tijela i mita kao u slučaju Brancusija – nego uključuje i
društvene procese (znanost, ekonomiju, tehnologiju itd.). Ono što
nam na njegovim izložbama zaokuplja pažnju nije dakle tradicionalna
skulpturalna forma, nego određena materijalna formacija. Ona
simbolizira procese koji se odvijaju na razini prirodnih i društvenih
entiteta nad kojima kao čovječanstvo nemamo nikakvu kontrolu.
Prikazati neizvjesnost uzrokovanu tim saznanjem, a ne posegnuti
za arhetipskom simbolikom i metafizikom, predstavlja Kožulovo
osobito postignuće.
*
Izložba:
Kristian Kožul, Intercisus, Galerija Josip Račić, Zagreb, 7.10 – 31.10. 2021.
---
With
a mass that is subject to gravity, and volume whose surfaces attract
or repel the hand, pull the observer closer or push him away, the
sculpture is always reminiscent of a body. Even when it does not
depict a human or animal figure, when it, therefore, deals with
abstract forms instead of imitating the physical world, the sculpture
is determined by the body. Ever since Kožul, after his collaboration
with Damir Žižić, went back to staging solo exhibitions, the body
has once again become the centre of his attention.
The
evocation of this body, however, does not take place entirely in
accordance with the principles of modernist sculpture. The body is
there – Kožul does not give up on it even in his most ambitious
installations – but, it is no longer whole and is barely
recognizable. For example, the five biomorphic forms showcased at the
Galženica Gallery in 2017 can be interpreted, in light of the
exhibition title (Forensic Perpetuity), as the remains of a body. It
is not only the title of the exhibition that suggests this
possibility, but also a certain sensibility for modernist sculpture.
For modernist artists, human body has not only been a useful point of
reference in the world of objects, but also an ideal form. All other
forms acquired meaning in relation to it. Having established a new
connection between the inner structure of the sculpture and its
surface, Rodin took first steps towards a different representation of
the body. In his sculptures, form and material were so interdependent
that a number of structural elements, like the silhouette, surface or
mass, appeared as something unfinished, something that is constantly
changing and depends on lighting, environment, the observer, etc.
Stereotypical description of sculptural skill, which says that the
artist should discover a pre-existing form in the material, is just a
popular term for a task that Rodin had set for himself. There is
something in every sculpture that gives it life from the inside, even
when the volume is opened up, and the mass is broken into pieces –
this is how, among other things, one could sum up Rodin’s view of
modern sculpture.
After
the exhibition in the Galženica Gallery, biomorphic forms that
refuse to be fully identified with human or animal anatomy – as if
they were parts of some other type of body, some other lifeform! –
remained the focus of Kožul’s attention in exhibitions at the
Croatian Association of Artists (2018), the Museum of Contemporary
Art (2019) and now in the Josip Račić Gallery (2021). Kožul
further emphasized their organic character, by using the industrially
produced objects and materials such as: metal rods, freestanding
metal stands, balls of different sizes, rubber floor mats, weights,
rubber hoses, insulation sponge and the like. The primary function of
these objects is to connect the biomorphic forms. Without them, the
forms would be scattered without any apparent order throughout the
gallery space. Thus, Kožul opens the possibility to experience
everything we see in the gallery space as objects that belong to some
higher formal order. What modernist sculpture did in terms of each
individual sculptural object – establishing a relationship between
the skeleton of the sculpture and its surface or between volume and
silhouette – is what Kožul did in the framework of an ambient
installation. We can, therefore, view the three exhibition
installations – in the Croatian Association of Artists, the Museum
of Contemporary Art and the Josip Račić Gallery – as three unique
sculptures.
Does
the artist show the sculptural body at the moment of disintegration
or integration? It is difficult to ascertain, because Kožul likes
ambivalence, but the most precise answer would include both
possibilities. If it is a process of integration, it can be concluded
that the skeleton of Kožul’s sculpture – rods, rubber hoses,
rubber mats etc. – fails to bring its parts together, to bring the
biomorphic forms into an interrelationship that would form a
continuous volume of the body. In relation to the exhibition at the
Galženica Gallery, where the only thing that connected the
biomorphic forms was the observer’s gaze, Kožul takes a step
further. Now, it is no longer just a body that has disintegrated –
a series of mutually isolated forms, each with their own
pseudo-pedestal – but a body that is somehow trying to form itself.
If Kožul has shown a post-festum
situation in the Galženica Gallery – stillness of body parts after
disintegration and death – it could be said that in later
exhibitions he tried to show a
post-post-festum situation,
that is, to introduce another event in the ambient of the gallery –
the process of formation (becoming). Specifically, with an emphasis
on the contrast between the vertical and horizontal organization of
elements, and counting on the effect that juxtaposition of soft and
hard materials has on the observer, on the relationship between
rectilinear and curvilinear forms, Kožul has produced the effect of
motion. What seems like a disintegration (overflowing, dissolving,
liquifying) of forms, may also appear as a process of consolidation
or erection, that is, it can represent both extinction and revival.
The sculptural body is thus neither (completely) dead, nor
(completely) alive. It is dead, because it is dismembered; it is
alive, because it moves. Kožul’s treatment of biomorphic forms
also, in a way, points to traces of life. Their surface actually
suggests there is something particularly important in the interior
that requires special care, as if the form is never sufficiently
protected, so it warrants constant incrustation with new layers.
In
a figurative sense, what is the meaning of these
installations-sculptures? What is the artist trying to draw our
attention to, by selecting titles with multiple meanings (Forensic
Perpetuity, Forensic Folklore: Archipelago, Sisyphus Exalted:
Exercising Repetitions and Intercisus) and exhibiting these enigmatic
forms? Kožul is inclined to shift the responsibility of meaning onto
the observer’s shoulders, but it is clear that these exhibitions
were not created for formalistic reasons, although formal innovation
is what we first notice and what we, rightly, prefer in
interpretation. The meaning of Kožul’s installations cannot be
exhausted in the field of artistic referentiality. These bizarre
bodies are not here only to remind us of, for example, the
dismembered human bodies from Goya’s series “The Disasters of
War” or the Chapman brothers and their quotation of the same motif.
The references that Kožul himself insists on, by mentioning the
works of Raul Goldoni and Louise Bourgeois, as inspiration for his
latest work, are not going to be of much help in our quest for the
relationship between these works and contemporaneity.
Specifically,
Kožul’s attention is focused on the complex and unrelated social
phenomena. Bringing mutually distant and contradictory phenomena into
close contact, is a method Kožul inherits from the tradition of the
artistic avant-garde, and he uses it in all his public appearances.
War and mass murder, on the one hand, and technological utopias, on
the other; the ideology of blood and soil, on one side, and the
fantasy of artificial intelligence, on the other; a nostalgic
invocation of industrial society, on one hand, and acceleration of
social change (global warming, gender theory and politics,
infotainment, etc.), on the other. Although the breadth of references
and associations that Kožul counts on may confuse the observer, even
lead him in the wrong direction, the challenges that his works pose
to the audience should not be dismissed as an example of a
postmodernist game. Contradictions are a feature of contemporary age
and they are precisely what is at the root of Kožul’s attempt to
portray the world around him.
To
deprive the sculpture of the right to present complex social
phenomena, does not seem particularly far-sighted, especially today
when monumental forms are regaining both artistic and social
popularity. It is not necessary to resort to famous examples from
around the world, such as the case of David Smith, for example, who
created his sculptures-totems with World War II in mind, which he had
himself participated in (the sculptures are titled “War Spectre”,
“Rape”, “War Landscape” and the like) – it is enough to
recall the abstract volumes of Dušan Džamonja, Vojin Bakić,
Ksenija Kantoci and others, who, both through gallery and monumental
sculpture tried to express their historical experience. Midway
between the figure and the sign, these forms did not depict anything
archaic or fantastic, instead, they expressed personal and social
viewpoints to the extent that, after World War II, Abstract
Expressionism has done in other fields of art.
Kožul’s
particular interpretation of modernist sculpture – the
transposition of the sculptural body into the installation medium,
and its deconstruction – also meant a change in worldview. Writing
about Henry Moore, Herbert Read noted that his art is determined by
an integrated vitality. Specifically, Moore attached equal importance
to the human body (reclining nude, motifs of the family or mother and
child) and beach pebbles. He observed both organic and inorganic
phenomena (stones, crystals, etc.) with undivided attention, because
he found in them the same laws. We notice, with Kožul, a similar
attention to the living and inanimate, but his integrating principle,
unlike Moore’s, does not have a man at the centre, at least not a
man as imagined by modern humanism. Instead of the overarching
presence of the human body that we recognize in the poetics of Rodin,
Moore, Brancusi and others, in Kožul we discover something like
information about the body (encoded and sequenced first this way,
then the other).
We
should thank modern art for the knowledge of what it means to have a
body in the modern age, that is, how the life of that body can be
depicted in sculpture. Michelangelo’s sculptural bodies or those
depicted by neoclassical artists no longer had anything to do with
the modern world. These were idealized bodies that belonged to the
gods rather than to people whom modern artists encountered in the
streets and whose bodies they loved, cherished or lost in wars. At
the core of Kožul’s bizarre vitality, however, is not the human
body, but rather a form of matter that is in constant flow, in
permanent metamorphosis. Kožul’s inverted gestalt
rests not only on the integration of the living and inanimate worlds
–in Moore’s case, the human body and stone, or in Brancusi’s
case, the human body and myth – but it also includes social
processes (science, economy, technology, etc.). What occupies our
attention in his exhibitions is therefore not the traditional
sculptural form, but a particular material formation. It symbolizes
processes that take place at the level of natural and social entities
that we as humanity have no control over. To show uncertainty caused
by this knowledge, without resorting to archetypal symbolism and
metaphysics is Kožul’s singular achievement.
*
Exhibition:
Kristian Kožul, Intercisus, Josip Račić Gallery, Zagreb, October 7 – October 31, 2021